In 1953, the whole operation was shut down. Dezember 823 (= 822); vgl. The travel time to Mainz lies between 25 and 40 minutes, and to Saarbrcken between 1 hour and 40 minutes and 2 hours and 20 minutes. The indications for these treatments are for rheumatic complaints, changes in joints due to gout, degenerative diseases of the spinal column and joints, women's complaints, illnesses of the respiratory system, paediatric illnesses, vascular illnesses, non-infectious skin diseases, endocrinological dysfunctions, psychosomatic illnesses and eye complaints. Also, there are the psychosomatic specialised clinic St.-Franziska-Stift and the rehabilitation and preventive clinic for children and youth, Viktoriastift. WebBad Kreuznach Army Base | Rhine River at Bingen, Germany L Leo Perron Accounting Humor Custom Fridge Magnets Friends In Low Places Small Business Accounting Printed Magnets Image Cover Hilarious Funny Work Humor Product Details Rectangle Magnets Product ID: 224660452 Let your refrigerator speak for you! With the building of the Nahe Valley Railway from Bingerbrck to Saarbrcken in 1858/1860, the groundwork was laid for the town's industrialisation. Salinenstrae 74/76 pair of semi-detached houses, Salinenstrae 82 villalike house with hip roof, 1921/1922, architect Vorbius, Salinenstrae 84 one-floor villa with hip roof, Classicist motifs, 1925/1926, architect Hans Best, Salinenstrae 90 lordly villa with hip roof with corner pavilions, 1921/1922, architect Hans Best. There are seven bus routes run by Verkehrsgesellschaft Bad Kreuznach (VGK), which is owned by the company Rhenus Veniro. After the noticeable decline in the spa business in the mid 1990s, there was a remodelling of the healing spa. Herlesweiden 114, Birkenweg 127 (odd numbers), Erlenweg 2, 4, 6, 714, Ulenweg 116, Alzeyer Strae 108138 (even numbers), Pfalzstrae 1335 (odd numbers), Hochstrae 9 former Hotel Adler; ten-axis four-floor building with hip roof, third fourth of the 19th century, Late Classicist faade partly altered (shop built in), Hochstrae 17 three-floor corner house, post-Baroque building with hipped mansard roof, early 19th century, Hochstrae 22a three-floor shophouse, early 19th century; cellar older (no later than 16th century). Clockwise from the north, Bad Kreuznach's neighbours are the municipalities of Bretzenheim, Langenlonsheim, Gensingen, Welgesheim, Zotzenheim, Sprendlingen, Badenheim (these last five lying in the neighbouring Mainz-Bingen district), Biebelsheim, Pfaffen-Schwabenheim, Volxheim, Hackenheim, Frei-Laubersheim, Altenbamberg, Traisen, Hffelsheim, Rdesheim an der Nahe, Roxheim, Hargesheim and Guldental. Under Elector Palatine Karl III Philipp, the Karlshalle Saltworks were built in 1729. Abt., Rep. 18 Max-Planck-Institut fr Landarbeit und Landtechnik, Versuch einer vollstndigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfrstl. The Sportplakette der Stadt Bad Kreuznach is an honour awarded by the town once each year to individual sportsmen or sportswomen, whole teams, worthy promoters of sports and worthy people whose jobs are linked to sports. In 2013, the prize was not awarded owing to cost-cutting measures. Hofgartenstrae 3 villalike house, representative brick building with hip roof, 1900/1901, architect Johann Arthur Otte, Hofgartenstrae 4 Grnderzeit villa, richly ornamented brick building, Renaissance Revival, 1890/1891, architects. [19], The town wall, first mentioned in 1247,[20] had a footprint that formed roughly a square in the Old Town, and was set back a few metres from what are today the streets Wilhelmstrae, Salinenstrae and Schlostrae, with the fourth side skirting the millpond. The last Stadtkommandant (town commander), Lieutenant Colonel Johann Kaup (d.1945), kept Bad Kreuznach from even greater destruction when he offered advancing American troops no resistance, and yielded the town to them on 16 March 1945 with barely any fighting. In the course of administrative restructuring in Rhineland-Palatinate, the hitherto self-administering municipalities of Bosenheim, Planig, Ippesheim (all three of which had belonged until then to the Bingen district) and Winzenheim were amalgamated on 7 June 1969 with Bad Kreuznach. WebAfter the war ended, the Allies occupied West Germany. During the Thirty Years' War, Kreuznach was overrun and captured many times by various factions fighting in that war: The town was thus heavily drawn into hardship and woe, and the population dwindled from some 8,000 at the war's outbreak to roughly 3,500. Since it moved away to Bingen, Bad Kreuznach has been offering collegelike training for aspirant winemakers and agricultural technologists with the DLR (Dienstleistungszentrum Lndlicher Raum). Sometimes also encountered is the abbreviation Xnach (often with a Fraktur X, with a cross-stroke: WebBad Kreuznach Army Base | Rhine River at Bingen, Germany L Leo Perron Germany In At Gottschalk's suggestion, Archbishop Johann of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein lifted the "dice toll" for Jews crossing the border into the Archbishopric of Mainz. Until a permanent new order could be imposed under the terms of the Congress of Vienna, the region lay under joint Bavarian-Austrian administration, whose seat was in Kreuznach. Thinking that was not influenced by this led to another railway line being built even before the First World War, the "strategic railway" from Bad Mnster by way of Staudernheim, Meisenheim, Lauterecken and Kusel towards the west, making Kreuznach into an important contributor to transport towards the west. ), Pestalozzistrae 4, 6, 8 one-floor buildings with, Pestalozzistrae 5 one-floor villa, partly hipped mansard roof, 1926/1927, architect Martin Au, Pestalozzistrae 9 villalike house with hip roof, 1926, architect Peter Riedle, Pfingstwiese 7/7a house with wine cellar, brick building with hip roof, 1906/1907, architect C. W. Kron, Philippstrae 3 two-and-a-half-floor corner house, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1900/01, Architects Brothers Lang, Philippstrae 5 corner house, yellow clinker brick building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1895/1896, Architects Brothers Lang, Philippstrae 6 lordly villa with hipped mansard roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1900/1901, Philippstrae 8 villalike building with hipped mansard roof, corner tower with, Philippstrae 9 house, clinker brick building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1906/1907, architect Friedrich Metzger, Philippstrae 10 villalike house, sophisticated building with hipped mansard roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, marked 1902, architect possibly Heinrich Mller, Planiger Strae 4 primary school; Late Classicist, Planiger Strae 27 two-and-a-half-floor corner shophouse with wine cellar buildings, clinker brick building with hip roof, 1896/1897, architect August Henke, Planiger Strae 147 Seitz-Ensinger-Noll-Maschinenbau, Planiger Strae 69, 71/73, 75/77 (monumental zone) small residential development of two-and-a-half- and three-and-a-half-floor, Poststrae 7 former town scrivener's office; three-floor Renaissance building, partly decorative, Poststrae 8 spacious shophouse; three-floor building with hip roof, partly timber-frame (plastered), shopping arcades, mid 19th century, Poststrae 11 three-floor five-axis timber-frame building (plastered), partly solid, 18th century, Poststrae 15 terrace shophouse; timber-frame building (plastered), possibly before end of the 18th century; cellar older, Poststrae 17 three-floor, two-part shophouse, partly timber-frame; three-window house, mid 19th century, conversion and expansion in 1899/1900, architect Hans Best; cellar older, Priegerpromenade 3 spacious Art Nouveau villa with motifs from, Priegerpromenade 9 lordly villa resembling a country house, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau motifs, 1905, architect Hans Best, Prinz-Friedrich-Karl-Strae 4 villa, large-size divided building with hip roof, 1916/1917, architect Willibald Hamburger, Raugrafenstrae 2 villa, cube-shaped building with hip roof, 1927/1928, architect Wolfgang Goecke, Raugrafenstrae 4 small villa, cube-shaped building with hip roof, 1927/1928, architect Paul Gans, Reitschule 12 house with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1903/1904, architect Jacob Karst, Reitschule 14 villalike house with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1903, architect Jacob Karst, Reitschule 16 spacious villa with hip roof and rooftop tower, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau motifs, 1903, architect Jacob Karst, Reitschule 17/19 pair of semi-detached houses in country house style, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1898, architect Jacob Karst, Reitschule 21 house, brick building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1901, architect Jacob Karst, Rheingrafenstrae 1 sculptor family Cauer's house, Classicist plastered building, 1839, small studio building, 1901, architect Jacob Karst, Rheingrafenstrae 1a house, Renaissance Revival building, 1901/1902, architect Jean Rheinstdter. Mittlerer Flurweg 2/4 pair of semi-detached houses with hip roof, Mittlerer Flurweg 6/8 pair of semi-detached houses with hip roof, Art Deco motifs, 1925, architect Dttermann, Mittlerer Flurweg 18/20 pair of semi-detached houses with hip roof, Art Deco motifs, 1925, architect Dttermann, Mittlerer Flurweg 30/32, Rheinstrae 16 long corner house with hip roof, 1930/1931, architect Karl Heep, Moltkestrae 3 villa, cube-shaped building with hip roof, 1913/1914, architect Hans Best, Neoclassical front wings 1939, Moltkestrae 6 villa with hip roof, outdoor staircase, 1914/1915, architect Willibald Hamburger. On 24 August 1495,[18] there was another uprising of the townsfolk, but this one was directed at Kreuznach's Palatine Amtmann, Albrecht V Gler von Ravensburg, who had refused to release a prisoner against the posting of a bond. [37] Outside the town, a sickhouse for lepers, the so-called Gutleuthof, was founded on the Grfenbach down from the village of Hargesheim and had its first documentary mention in 1487. When Count Johann I of Sponheim found himself in difficulties, Michel Mort drew the enemy's lances upon himself, sparing the Count by bringing about his own death. On 1 April 1960, the town of Bad Kreuznach was declared, after application to the state government, a groe kreisangehrige Stadt ("large town belonging to a district"). In 1808, Napoleon made a gift of Kreuznach's two saltworks to his favourite sister, Pauline. The work is preserved in a manuscript transcribed personally by Louis V, Elector Palatine. About 1017, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor enfeoffed his wife Cunigunde's grandnephew, Count Eberhard V of Nellenburg, with the noble estate of Kreuznach and the Villa Schwabenheim belonging thereto. On the grounds of allegations of fornication, he fled the town only a short time afterwards, as witnessed by a letter[39] from Johannes Trithemius to Johannes Virdung, in which Virdung was warned about Faust. Before this, though, right at Kreuznach's town limits, Prussia and Bavaria once again stood at odds with each other in 1866. Mannheimer Strae 78 three-floor terrace shophouse, possibly after 1689, Mannheimer Strae 88, Kurhausstrae 1 former, Mannheimer Strae 90 bridge house; shophouse with mansard roof, 1829, Mannheimer Strae 91 four-floor shophouse, sophisticated, Mannheimer Strae 92 bridge house; two- and four-floor plastered building, essentially from 1595, expansion in 1867, makeover in 1890, architect Wilhelm Metzger, Mannheimer Strae 94 bridge house; three-floor timber-frame building, plastered and slated, 1609, Mannheimer Strae 96 bridge house; broadly mounted plastered timber-frame building, 1612. In Bad Kreuznach there are many clubs that can boast of successes at the national level. Initially activated in January 1918, the unit did not see combat during World War I and returned to the United States. Serving as town gates were, in the north, the Kilianstor or the Mhlentor ("Saint Kilian's Gate" or "Mill Gate"; torn down in 1877), in the southeast the Hackenheimer Tor (later the Mannheimer Tor; torn down in 1860) and in the south the St.-Peter-Pfrtchen, which lay at the end of Rossstrae, and which for security was often walled up. The Jews who were still left in the district after the Second World War broke out were on the district leadership's orders taken in 1942 to the former Kolpinghaus, whence, on 27 July, they were deported to Theresienstadt. The special taxes for Jews ordered in 1418 and 1434 by King Sigismund of Luxembourg were also imposed in Kreuznach.[26]. 2 (monumental zone) whole complex of buildings; two like-shaped groups of houses, buildings with hip roofs joined by three-floor staircase towers, 1926/1927, architect Hugo Vlker. WebAir Bases in former West Germany - Military Airfield Directory Home Air Bases Germany Air Bases in former West Germany For historical information only, do not use for navigation or aviation purposes! During the 1501 epidemic, the humanist and Palatine prince-raiser Adam Werner von Themar, one of Abbot Trithemius's friends, wrote a poem in Kreuznach about the plague saint, Sebastian. [49] In the extreme winter of 1783/1784, the town was heavily damaged on 2728 February 1784 by an icerun and flooding. In 1777 it was moved as the Alt-Creuznach chapter to, Oeffentlicher Anzeiger vom 28. In the Nine Years' War (known in Germany as the Pflzischer Erbfolgekrieg, or War of the Palatine Succession), the Kauzenburg (castle) was conquered on 5 October 1688 by Marshal Louis Franois, duc de Boufflers. In 1974, however, the old mining gallery itself was converted into a therapy room. It was commonly known as the "Field of Misery". [1] Listed here are Bad Kreuznach's mayors since Napoleonic times: The town's arms might be described thus: On an escutcheon argent ensigned with a town wall with three towers all embattled Or, a fess countercompony Or and azure between three crosses patte sable. Urkunde vom 19. Only about 1950 were parts of this line torn up and abandoned. ); cellar before 1689, Schuhgasse 11 stately three-floor house, partly timber-frame (plastered), about 1800, Schuhgasse 13 three-floor three-window house, about 1800(? In the Middle Ages, the eastern part of today's Poststrae in the New Town was the Judengasse ("Jews' Lane"). Agricolastrae 6 sophisticated cube-shaped villa with hip roof, Agricolastrae 7 villalike building with hip roof, 1921/22, architect Vorbius, Albrechtstrae 18 one-floor villa with, Albrechtstrae 22 villalike house with mansard roof, Renaissance Revival and Baroque Revival motifs, 1902/1903, architect Friedrich Metzger, Alte Poststrae 2 three-floor post-Baroque shophouse, partly timber-frame (plastered), possibly from the earlier half of the 19th century, Alte Poststrae 7 Late Baroque house, partly timber-frame (plastered), conversion 1839, architect Peter Engelmann; cellar possibly older, Alte Poststrae 8 Late Baroque house, partly timber-frame (plastered or slated), Auf dem Martinsberg 1 (monumental zone) "stewardship complex with office building" on an L-shaped footprint, 1899, architects, Baumgartenstrae 3 two-and-a-half-floor tenement, brick building, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1894/1895, architect Heinrich Ruppert, Baumgartenstrae 39 three-and-a-half-floor corner shophouse with oriel turret, Renaissance Revival and. The former Rose Barracks in Bad Kreuznach, Germany, was once home In 1817, Johann Erhard Prieger opened the first bathing parlour with briny water and thereby laid the groundwork for the fast-growing spa business. WebDistinctive Unit Insignia. In 1525, Louis V, Elector Palatine allowed Mer Levi[28] to settle for, at first, twelve years in Kreuznach, to organise the money market there, to receive visits, to lay out his own burial plot and to deal in medicines. The 410th Base Support Battalion's mission The parts of town that lay north of the Nahe were assigned to the Arrondissement of Simmern in the Department of Rhin-et-Moselle, whereas those that lay to the south were assigned to the Department of Mont-Tonnerre (or Donnersberg in German). On the bridge over to the ait (or the Wrth as it is called locally; the river island between the two parts of town) stood the Brckentor ("Bridge Gate"). Bad Kreuznach station is one of Rhineland-Palatinate's few V-shaped stations (called a Keilbahnhof, or "wedge station", in the German terminology). Records witness Jewish settlement in Kreuznach beginning in the late 13th century, while for a short time in the early 14th century, North Italian traders ("Lombards") lived in town. [27] In 1482, a "Jewish school" was mentioned, which might already have stood at Fhrgasse 2 (lane formerly known as Kleine Eselsgass "Little Ass's Lane"), where the Old Synagogue of Bad Kreuznach later stood (first mentioned here in 1715; new Baroque building in 1737; renovated in 1844; destroyed in 1938; torn down in 1953/1954; last wall remnant removed in 1975). The biggest club is VfL 1848 Bad Kreuznach, within which the first basketball department in any sport club in Germany was founded in 1935. Salinenstrae 60 two-and-a-half-floor house, clinker brick building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1889, architect Philipp Hassinger; one-and-a-half-floor wine cellar building; front-garden fencing and segmented gateway, 1919, as well as dwelling and office building in the yard, 1921/1922, architect Alexander Ackermann, Salinenstrae 63 former "Hotel Kriegelstein"; three-floor Classicist building with hip roof, joining onto the back, bathing wing, 1852/1853, architect Karst, Salinenstrae 68 two-and-a-half-floor house, Classicist building with hip roof, about 1870, side building 1904, architects Henke & Sohn, Salinenstrae 69 lordly villa with hip roof, Renaissance and Classicist motifs, about 1865, Salinenstrae 72 sophisticated two-and-a-half-floor corner house, Neoclassical plastered building, about 1870. [7] According to an inscription and tile plates that were found in Bad Kreuznach, a vexillatio of the Legio XXII Primigenia was stationed there. Built in 1743 by Prince-Elector, Count Palatine and Duke Karl Theodor were the Theodorshalle Saltworks. Kreuzstrae 78/80 pair of semi-detached houses, Kurhausstrae monument to F. Mller; monolith with medallion, 1905, Stanislaus Cauer, Kurhausstrae 5 house; plastered building on porphyry pedestal, about 1860, glazed, Kurhausstrae 12 three-floor tenement, 1845/1846. March 1945 When the 4th Armored Division and the 1303rd Engineer Battalion of Gen Patton's Third US Army occupy Bad Kreuznach between 16-18 March 1945, US Army medical troops take over the installation as a field hospital. The council is made up of 44 council members, who were elected by proportional representation at the municipal election held on 7 June 2009, and the chief mayor as chairwoman. About 58BC, the area became part of the Roman Empire and a Roman vicus came into being here, named, according to legend, after a Celt called Cruciniac, who transferred a part of his land to the Romans for them to build a supply station between Mainz (Mogontiacum) and Trier (Augusta Treverorum). The subsequent German campaign (called the Befreiungskriege, or Wars of Liberation, in Germany) put an end to French rule. Ringstrae 58, Graf-Friedrich-Strae15, Waldemarstrae 24, Rmerstrae 1 three-floor corner shophouse, sophisticated Grnderzeit building, marked 1905, Rmerstrae 1a narrow three-floor Art Nouveau building, about 1900, Rntgenstrae 6 villa with hipped mansard roof, 1926/1927, architect Karl Heep. As at 31 August 2013, there are 44,851 full-time residents in Bad Kreuznach, and of those, 15,431 are Evangelical (34.405%), 13,355 are Catholic (29.776%), 4 belong to the Old Catholic Church (0.009%), 77 belong to the Greek Orthodox Church (0.172%), 68 belong to the Russian Orthodox Church (0.152%), 1 is United Methodist (0.002%), 16 belong to the Free Evangelical Church (0.036%), 41 are Lutheran (0.091%), 2 belong to the Palatinate State Free Religious Community (0.004%), 1 belongs to the Mainz Free Religious Community (0.002%), 4 are Reformed (0.009%), 9 belong to the Alzey Free Religious Community (0.02%), 2 form part of a membership group in a Jewish community (0.004%) (162 other Jews belong to the Bad Kreuznach-Koblenz worship community [0.361%] while a further one belongs to the State League of Jewish worship communities in Bavaria [0.002%]), 9 are Jehovah's Witnesses (0.02%), 1 belongs to yet another free religious community (0.002%), 5,088 (11.344%) belong to other religious groups and 10,579 (23.587%) either have no religion or will not reveal their religious affiliation.[56]. Great epidemics are recorded as having broken out in 1348/1349 (Johannes Trithemius spoke of 1,600 victims), 1364, 1501/1502, 1608, 1635 (beginning in September) and 1666 (reportedly 1,300 victims). Except for Bundesstrae 48, all these roads skirt the inner town, while the Autobahn is roughly 12km from the town centre. The maire of Kreuznach as of 1800 was Franz Joseph Potthoff (b. In 1904, the pharmacist Karl Aschoff discovered the Kreuznach brine's radon content, and thereafter introduced "radon balneology", a therapy that had already been practised in the Austro-Hungarian town of Sankt Joachimsthal in the Bohemian Ore Mountains (now Jchymov in the Czech Republic). Similarly, Zelem was the Yiddish name for, About him and the family zum Stein's beginnings. Rheinpfalzstrae 15 villa, hewn-stone-framed brick building, The Kurhaus (built in 1913) is a hotel and bath house. It lies at the mouth of the Ellerbach, where it empties into the lower Nahe. The besieged town was relieved by Electoral Palatinate Captain Hans III, Landschad of Steinach. Mrz 1960, Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis 2006, Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Municipal election results for Bad Kreuznach, "Description and explanation of Bad Kreuznach's arms", Directory of Cultural Monuments in Bad Kreuznach district, Landkreis Bad Kreuznach: Inhaltsverzeichnis des Kreisrechtes, Homepage des Frdervereins, retrieved, 20 January 2013, Brckenhuser auf der Alten Nahebrcke in Bad Kreuznach, "Die Wiege der Korbjger steht in Bad Kreuznach", II. After the French withdrew on 12 December, it was occupied by an Austrian battalion under Captain Alois Graf Gavasini, which withdrew again on 30 May 1796. A monumental stone before the old spa house recalls this historic event. Baumgartenstrae 46/48 pair of semi-detached houses; clinker brick building with hipped mansard roof, Baumgartenstrae 50 two-and-a-half-floor house, brick building decorated with clinker brick, 1896/1897, architects Brothers Lang, Baumstrae 15 two-and-a-half-floor villa; clinker-brick-faced building with hip roof, Renaissance Revival, 1880/1881, architect Town Master Builder Hartmann(? In the spa zone, there is also the "Sana" Rhineland-Palatinate Rheumatic Centre, made up of a rheumatic hospital and a rehabilitation clinic, the Karl-Aschoff-Klinik. The mural crown on top of the escutcheon began appearing only about 1800 under French rule. In the years 1235 and 1270, Kreuznach was granted town rights, market rights, taxation rights and tolling rights under the rule of the comital House of Sponheim, which were acknowledged once again in 1290 by King Rudolf I of Habsburg. In 1311, Aaron Judeus de Crucenaco (the last three words mean "the Jew from Kreuznach") was mentioned, as was a Jewish toll gatherer from Bingen am Rhein named Abraham von Kreuznach in 1328, 1342 and 1343. Used as the General staff building was the Oranienhof. With this award, the town also hopes to underscore its image as a sporting town in Rhineland-Palatinate. [45] On 19 August 1663, the town was stricken by an extraordinarily high flood on the river Nahe.[46]. Jean-Winckler-Strae 20, Rntgenstrae 35 pair of semi-detached houses with hip roof, Art Deco motifs, 1926/1927, architect Dttermann, Johannisstrae 8 corner house with hip roof, Renaissance Revival motifs, 1896/1897, architect Rudolf Frey, Johannisstrae 9 two-and-a-half-floor house, sandstone-framed plastered building, 1905/1906, architect Peter Monz, Jungstrae 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 (monumental zone), Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 2 sophisticated Late Classicist plastered building, possibly 1850, architect J. Mller, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 4 lordly villa with, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 7 in town library's new building a, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 10 three-floor shophouse with hip roof, Renaissance Revival, 1868/1869, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 11b three-floor terraced house with open front buildings, about 1860, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 11 retail pavilion at the edge of the spa park, early 20th century, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Strae 18 Grnderzeit villa with hip roof, 1899/1900, architect August Henke. christina on the coast husband dies today, las cruces shooting, greg penner net worth, `` Field of Misery '' III Philipp, the unit did not see combat during World I... Of 1783/1784, the prize was not awarded owing to cost-cutting measures returned to the States... Town centre therapy room an end to French rule vollstndigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfrstl run by Verkehrsgesellschaft Kreuznach... 1783/1784, the groundwork was laid for the town also hopes to its... 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